Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him) is the final messenger of Islam and a great leader for all of humanity. Born in 570 CE in Mecca, Arabia, his life and teachings serve as a complete guide for moral, spiritual, and social conduct. His mission was to spread the message of monotheism, justice, and compassion.
Chapter 1: The Life of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)
1. Birth and Childhood
Year of Birth
Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was born in the year 570 CE, although some historical sources suggest it may have been 569 CE. This period in Arabian history is known as the “Year of the Elephant” (عام الفيل), a significant year marked by an attempted invasion of Mecca by Abraha, the ruler of Yemen, who sought to destroy the Kaaba. His army included war elephants, but, as described in Surah Al-Fil (Chapter 105 of the Quran), they were miraculously defeated by small birds (Ababil) sent by Allah.
Birthplace
The Prophet was born in the city of Mecca, in the region of Hejaz, part of present-day Saudi Arabia. Mecca was a major center for trade and a spiritual hub for the Arabian Peninsula due to the presence of the Kaaba, which was already regarded as a sacred site by various tribes.
Family Background
Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) belonged to the respected Quraysh tribe, specifically the Banu Hashim clan, known for its noble lineage and guardianship of the Kaaba. His ancestry can be traced back to Prophet Ibrahim (Abraham, PBUH) through his son Ismail (Ishmael, PBUH).
- Father: Abdullah
His father, Abdullah ibn Abdul Muttalib, was a nobleman of the Quraysh tribe. However, he passed away before Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was born. Abdullah was a young merchant and had fallen ill while on a journey to Medina, where he died and was buried. - Mother: Amina bint Wahb
His mother, Amina bint Wahb, came from a distinguished family in the Quraysh tribe. She was known for her intelligence and noble character. According to Islamic tradition, she experienced divine signs during her pregnancy, indicating that her child would have a great future. Unfortunately, Amina passed away when Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was only six years old.
Early Guardianship
With both parents passing away at an early stage of his life, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was left under the care of his grandfather and later his uncle:
- Grandfather: Abdul Muttalib
After his mother’s passing, young Muhammad (PBUH) was taken in by his paternal grandfather, Abdul Muttalib, who was a highly respected leader of Mecca and the custodian of the Kaaba. He loved Muhammad (PBUH) dearly and recognized the child’s exceptional character. However, when the Prophet was about eight years old, Abdul Muttalib also passed away, leaving him orphaned once again. - Uncle: Abu Talib
After the death of Abdul Muttalib, Muhammad (PBUH) was placed under the guardianship of his uncle Abu Talib, who was one of the influential leaders of the Quraysh. Though not wealthy, Abu Talib protected and cared for his nephew as if he were his own son. He played a crucial role in supporting Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) throughout his life, especially during the early years of his prophethood when opposition from the Quraysh intensified.
Character and Early Traits
Even as a child, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) exhibited qualities of honesty, patience, and wisdom. Unlike other children, he was deeply reflective, avoided idolatry (which was common in Mecca), and showed kindness to the poor and weak. His childhood experiences of loss and hardship shaped his compassionate nature and deep empathy for others.
Throughout his early years, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) gained a reputation for being truthful and trustworthy (Al-Sadiq and Al-Amin), qualities that later became central to his message and mission as the final messenger of Allah.
Youth and Early Adulthood
Reputation for Honesty and Trustworthiness
As Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) grew into adolescence and early adulthood, he became widely known for his exceptional character. His community recognized him for his truthfulness and reliability, earning him the titles:
- Al-Amin (الأمين) – “The Trustworthy”
- As-Sadiq (الصادق) – “The Truthful”
These titles were given to him because he never lied, always kept his promises, and was known for his integrity. Even those who did not accept his message later in life acknowledged that he never spoke falsely or acted dishonestly. His reputation spread across Mecca, and people would entrust him with their valuables and seek his judgment in disputes.
Work as a Merchant
In his youth, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) worked as a shepherd, taking care of sheep and goats, which was a common occupation for young men in Mecca. This experience helped develop his patience, responsibility, and connection with nature.
Later, he started working as a merchant (trader), traveling with caravans to places like Syria and Yemen. His uncle Abu Talib, a respected trader, introduced him to the world of commerce, where Muhammad (PBUH) quickly gained a reputation for honesty and fairness in his dealings. Unlike many merchants of that time who resorted to deception, he was known for his ethical business practices, fair trade, and treating customers with respect. His reputation attracted the attention of many traders who preferred to do business with him, knowing he would never cheat or take advantage of them.
Marriage to Khadijah (RA)
One of the most significant events in his early adulthood was his marriage to Khadijah bint Khuwaylid (RA).
- Who was Khadijah (RA)?
Khadijah (RA) was a highly respected and wealthy businesswoman in Mecca. She was known for her intelligence, dignity, and generosity. Despite being from a noble Quraysh family, she managed her own trade, hiring men to conduct business on her behalf. - How They Met
Hearing of Muhammad’s (PBUH) reputation for honesty and skill, Khadijah (RA) hired him to manage her trade caravan to Syria. When the caravan returned, her servant Maysarah reported that Muhammad (PBUH) conducted business with exceptional integrity, honesty, and wisdom. Impressed by his character, she expressed interest in marrying him. - Their Marriage
At the time, Muhammad (PBUH) was 25 years old, while Khadijah (RA) was 40 years old. Despite the age difference, their marriage was one of deep love, mutual respect, and partnership. She was his strongest supporter throughout his early years of prophethood, offering emotional and financial support. They had six children, including their famous daughter Fatimah (RA).
Their marriage lasted for 25 years, and Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) never took another wife while Khadijah (RA) was alive, a testament to their deep bond and his unwavering love for her. She played a crucial role in his life, providing comfort and support, especially when he first received divine revelation.
Lessons from His Youth and Early Adulthood
- Integrity in personal and professional life builds trust.
- Honesty and fairness in business lead to long-term success and respect.
- A strong and supportive spouse can be a source of strength in life’s challenges.
- Good character and reputation precede any mission or leadership role.
This period of Prophet Muhammad’s (PBUH) life laid the foundation for his future role as the final messenger of Allah, as he was already respected and admired by his people before his prophethood.
Chapter 2: Prophethood and the Message of Islam
3. First Revelation and Prophethood
At the age of 40, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) received the first revelation, marking the beginning of his prophethood. He often retreated to the Cave of Hira, located on Jabal al-Noor (Mountain of Light) near Mecca, for meditation and spiritual reflection. During one of these retreats in the month of Ramadan, the Angel Jibril (Gabriel) appeared to him and conveyed the first revelation from Allah:
“Read in the name of your Lord who created. Created man from a clot. Read, and your Lord is the Most Generous—who taught by the pen—taught man that which he knew not.”
(Qur’an 96:1-5)
This experience overwhelmed Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), and he hurried back home, trembling and seeking comfort from his wife Khadijah (RA). She reassured him, saying that Allah would never abandon him because of his honesty, kindness, and care for the needy. She later took him to her cousin, Waraqa ibn Nawfal, a knowledgeable Christian scholar, who confirmed that Muhammad (PBUH) had received divine revelation, just as the prophets before him.
Initially, the Prophet (PBUH) kept his mission private, preaching Islam secretly to his close family and trusted companions. Among the first to accept Islam were:
- Khadijah (RA) – his devoted wife
- Abu Bakr (RA) – his close friend
- Ali ibn Abi Talib (RA) – his young cousin
- Zayd ibn Harithah (RA) – his adopted son
Gradually, the circle of believers expanded, but the message remained confined to a small group for about three years before being publicly announced.
4. Public Preaching and Opposition
After three years of private preaching, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) received the command from Allah to call people to Islam publicly. He ascended Mount Safa and addressed the Quraysh, calling them to worship one God (Allah) and abandon idol worship. However, instead of accepting the message, the Quraysh leaders rejected and ridiculed him.
Challenges and Persecution
The Quraysh saw Islam as a threat to their social order and economic power, as their wealth depended on the idol trade at the Kaaba. As a result, they resisted the message and began persecuting the early Muslims. Some of the harshest forms of oppression included:
- Physical torture: Many early Muslims, including Bilal (RA), Ammar ibn Yasir (RA), and his parents, faced brutal punishment for their beliefs.
- Economic sanctions: The Quraysh pressured people not to do business with Muslims.
- Social boycotts: Muslims were ostracized and treated as outcasts.
Migration to Abyssinia (Ethiopia)
As the persecution intensified, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) advised some of his followers to migrate to Abyssinia (modern-day Ethiopia), where they were granted protection by the righteous Christian king, Negus (Najashi). This was the first migration in Islamic history.
The Boycott of Muslims
The Quraysh imposed a three-year boycott on the Prophet’s family, Banu Hashim, isolating them in a valley. During this period:
- Muslims suffered severe hunger and hardship.
- Trade and marriages with them were prohibited.
- Only a few people secretly provided them with food.
The boycott ended when some noblemen of Mecca, moved by compassion, opposed it and tore up the agreement.
Chapter 3: Migration and Establishment of the Islamic State
5. The Hijrah (Migration) to Medina
By 622 CE, persecution had reached unbearable levels. The leaders of Quraysh plotted to kill Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), but Allah instructed him to migrate to Yathrib (later called Medina). With his companion Abu Bakr (RA), he secretly left Mecca and journeyed to Medina, marking the beginning of the Islamic calendar (Hijri Calendar).
Upon arrival, the people of Medina welcomed him enthusiastically. He established:
- The First Islamic State – a community based on justice, unity, and faith.
- The Medina Charter – a constitution ensuring religious freedom and peace among Muslims, Jews, and other communities.
This migration (Hijrah) became a turning point in Islamic history, marking the beginning of Muslim governance and a strong, organized community.
6. Major Battles and Treaties
As Islam grew, conflicts with Quraysh continued. The Muslims had to defend themselves from constant attacks. Some of the most significant battles and treaties during this period were:
| Battle/Treaty | Year | Significance |
|---|---|---|
| Battle of Badr | 624 CE | First major victory for Muslims, despite being outnumbered. Seen as a divine sign of support. |
| Battle of Uhud | 625 CE | A temporary setback for Muslims due to disobedience of some warriors. The Prophet (PBUH) was wounded. |
| Battle of the Trench | 627 CE | Muslims successfully defended Medina using a trench strategy, frustrating the Quraysh. |
| Treaty of Hudaybiyyah | 628 CE | A peace treaty with Quraysh that led to the expansion of Islam and the eventual conquest of Mecca. |
| Conquest of Mecca | 630 CE | Mecca was peacefully liberated, idols were destroyed, and Islam was firmly established. |
Chapter 4: The Final Years and Legacy
7. The Farewell Sermon and Passing
In 632 CE, during the Hajj pilgrimage, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) delivered his Farewell Sermon (Khutbat al-Wada) on the plains of Arafat. This sermon is considered one of the most important messages in Islamic history, as it summarized his mission and the core principles of Islam.
Key Messages of the Farewell Sermon:
- Equality of All Humans – He emphasized that all people, regardless of race or background, are equal in the sight of Allah, stating:”O people, your Lord is One, and your father is one. There is no superiority of an Arab over a non-Arab, or of a non-Arab over an Arab, nor of a white over a black, nor of a black over a white, except by piety and good deeds.”
- Justice and Fairness – He reminded people to uphold justice and warned against oppression, particularly in business dealings and social interactions.
- Rights of Women – He stressed the dignity and rights of women, commanding men to treat them with kindness and fairness. He stated:”Fear Allah regarding women, for you have taken them as a trust from Allah.”
- Prohibition of Racism and Oppression – He categorically condemned all forms of discrimination and oppression.
- Following the Quran and Sunnah – He instructed his followers to adhere to the Quran and his teachings, stating that as long as they follow them, they will never go astray.
At the end of his sermon, he asked the crowd:
“Have I conveyed the message?”
The audience responded:
“Yes!”
Then he said:
“O Allah, be my witness.”
His Passing (632 CE)
Shortly after returning from Hajj, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) fell ill. Despite his illness, he continued to lead prayers and advise his followers. His last days were spent in the home of Aisha (RA), his beloved wife.
On 12th Rabi’ al-Awwal, 632 CE (at the age of 63), he passed away peacefully. His final words were:
“O Allah, to the highest companion (اللهم الرفيق الأعلى).”
His death was a profound moment for his companions and the entire Muslim community. Abu Bakr (RA) reassured them by reciting:
“Muhammad is no more than a messenger. Many were the messengers that passed away before him. If he dies or is slain, will you then turn back on your heels?” (Qur’an 3:144)
He was buried in his chamber in Masjid an-Nabawi (the Prophet’s Mosque) in Medina, where his grave remains to this day.
Chapter 5: The Mission and Teachings of Islam
8. Core Teachings of Islam
The message of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was universal, emphasizing:
- Monotheism (Tawhid) – The fundamental belief in one God (Allah). Islam rejects polytheism and idolatry, affirming that only Allah is worthy of worship.”Say, He is Allah, the One.” (Qur’an 112:1)
- Prophethood (Risalah) – Belief in all previous prophets and that Muhammad (PBUH) is the last and final messenger of Allah.”Muhammad is not the father of any man among you, but he is the Messenger of Allah and the last of the Prophets.” (Qur’an 33:40)
- Social Justice and Compassion – Islam emphasizes justice, equality, and care for the poor. Charity (Zakat and Sadaqah) is a fundamental duty.”Indeed, Allah commands justice, good conduct, and giving to relatives and forbids immorality, bad conduct, and oppression.” (Qur’an 16:90)
- Moral Conduct – The Prophet (PBUH) set an example of truthfulness, patience, humility, and forgiveness.”The most beloved to Allah is the one who has the best character.” (Hadith)
His mission was not only to establish faith but also to reform society, promote ethical governance, and uplift the oppressed.
9. The Impact of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) on the World
The teachings of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) transformed Arabia and laid the foundation for a civilization that spread across the world. His influence can be seen in:
- The Rapid Spread of Islam – Within a century of his passing, Islam had spread to Persia, Byzantium, North Africa, and Spain.
- Legal and Ethical Influence – Islamic teachings shaped law, ethics, and governance, inspiring justice-based societies.
- Global Civilization – The Islamic Golden Age contributed to science, medicine, mathematics, philosophy, and art.
Today, over 1.9 billion Muslims worldwide follow his teachings, guided by the Qur’an and Sunnah, making him one of the most influential figures in human history.
Conclusion
Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) lived a life of integrity, patience, and devotion, transforming an entire civilization through faith, justice, and moral excellence. His message continues to inspire and guide people worldwide, proving that true leadership lies in compassion, humility, and truth.
